Moreover, the instrument is based on well-established and potentially low-cost electronic technology, paving the way for next generation instrumentation for diabetes monitoring and control. These results validate the measurement technique and procedure, proving the possibility of the non-invasive detection of hyperglycemia-associated conditions on living animal models. Measurements performed in-vivo and non-invasively, make possible to accurately differentiate between control and various hyperglycemic states, likely through the detection of AGEs not yet characterized.
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In the present study we show, using different long-standing diabetic mouse models, that a mm-wave spectroscopic analysis of the transmittance of the skin of the mice is capable to categorize animals undergoing sustained hyperglycemia from those under stable normolgycemic conditions.
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While serial measurements of HbA1c represent a standard marker for long-standing glycemic control, only few other reliable markers have been described like glycated albumin or albumin-corrected fructosamine 14, 15, 16, 17. Thus, persistently elevated glucose levels during sustained diabetes induce structural and functional changes in these proteins likely contributing to diabetic multi-organ malfunction. The elevated levels of glucose results also in the formation of covalent adducts not only with plasma proteins, such as albumin, hemoglobin or fibrinogen, but also with extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen and fibronectin 11, 12, 13, through a non-enzymatic process known as glycation. One of these events is the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) 8, 9, 10.
The complexity of events leading to cellular malfunction in response to high levels of glucose is not fully understood. Among them, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been shown to be a reliable marker 5, 6, 7. Although blood glucose content is the main parameter to evaluate the acute diabetic state and a critical factor to take action in type I diabetes 4, other metabolites more accurately inform on the proper glycemic control over longer periods (e.g. Thus, diabetes management, meaning restoration of carbohydrate metabolism to a normal state is critical to prevent such complications. Long-term diabetes complications include cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy 1, 2, 3. Diabetes is nowadays a worldwide epidemic problem.